What condition can lead to reduced bone mineral density?

• A. Chronic kidney disease
• B. Asthma
• C. Diabetes
• D. Chronic respiratory disorders

Answer: (A)

Chronic kidney disease is known to significantly affect bone health and can lead to reduced bone mineral density. In this condition, the kidneys are unable to effectively regulate calcium and phosphate levels, both of which are crucial for maintaining healthy bone density. As kidney function declines, there is also a disruption in vitamin D metabolism, which further impairs the absorption of calcium from the gut and can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. This hormonal imbalance prompts the bones to release calcium into the bloodstream, negatively impacting bone density and increasing the risk of fractures.

In contrast, while conditions like asthma, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disorders can affect overall health and may contribute to bone health indirectly, they do not have the same direct impact on bone mineral density as chronic kidney disease. For example, diabetes can lead to complications that might influence bone health over time, yet its primary pathways do not intervene in the same direct biochemical processes that are seen with chronic kidney disease. Chronic respiratory disorders might have an impact on mobility and physical activity, which can contribute to bone density issues, but again, the immediate physiological consequences of kidney dysfunction are more acute in regard to bone density reduction.